Risk Assessments in Child Protection

Risk Assessments in Child Protection Before the introduction of risk assessment methods in child protection in the 1980’s the assessment and prediction of children at risk from abuse was a capricious business: care workers had no theory, or methodology and no strategy by which to determine which children were more at risk than others – they worked almost in the dark. When risk assessment strategies were introduced their enormous advantage was to give some orientation and means of prediction to social workers in their efforts to determine which children were at the highest risk. Moreover, in pre-risk assessment days, decisions about child protection were taken individually by scattered organizations and institutions without any inter-communication. The desperate consequence of this lack of cohesion was often complete confusion about which authority should make the decision about whether to and how to protect a child from abuse. Risk assessment required much closer participation between various agencies and therefore more efficient and individualistic protection care for children. Risk assessment takes into consideration a number of risk factors that affect a child – parental, family, environmental etc., – and analyzes these collectively to produce a total risk overview. Risk assessment has evolved considerably since its introduction in the 1980’s and various methods and theories of risk assessment have been experimented with; this essay looks at several of these methods, analyzing the relative worth of each. It also examines the introduction of schemes such as child protection conferences and child protection plans and evaluates the improvements to child protection brought by these schemes. Finally, this essay will discuss the future or risk assessment and its influence upon government policy and direction. Vulnerable children face five principal types of risk: sexual abuse, emotional abuse, institutional abuse, physical neglect, and non-organic failure to thrive. This essay now details and describes the implications for risk assessment of each of these types of abuse. The NSPCC gives the following definition of sexual abuse: ‘The sexual abuse of children may include sexual touching, masturbation, intercourse, indecent exposure, use of children in or showing children pornographic films or pictures, encouraging or forcing children into prostitution or encouraging or forcing children to witness sexual acts. Children and young people of all ages can be victims of abuse.’ (NSPCC). Children then are at potential risk from all of the types of abuse described in the above quotation; each of which, if undetected and unprevented causes a deep physical and emotional trauma for the child. Physical abuse is defined by the National Centre on Child Abuse and Neglect as The physical injur y or maltreatment of a child under the age of eighteen by a person who is responsible for the childs welfare under circumstances which indicate that the childs health or welfare is harmed or threatened thereby’. Children may also encounter physical abuse by way of domestic violence, and this together with physical abuse is nationally one the most frequently experienced types of abuse against children. The emotional abuse of children is defined by the American National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse as ‘†¦ a pattern of behaviour that attacks a childs emotional development and sense of self-worth. Emotional abuse includes excessive, aggressive or unreasonable demands that place expectations on a child beyond his or her capacity. Constant criticizing, belittling, insulting, rejecting and teasing are some of the forms these verbal attacks can take. Emotional abuse also includes failure to provide the psychological nurturing necessary for a childs psycholog ical growth and development providing no love, support or guidance (National Committee for the Prevention of Child Abuse, 1987). This definition then describes the myriad forms of emotional abuse that children can be subjected to – and thus the inherent difficulties of prediction and prevention in child protection. Non-organic failure to thrive is a further possible risk that children are exposed to. It is defined by the Lucy Packard Children’s Hospital as ‘†¦decelerated or arrested physical growth (height and weight measurements fall below the fifth percentile, or a downward change in growth across two major growth percentiles) associated with poor developmental and emotional functioning.’ Non-organic failure to thrive is often difficult to detect, and risk assessment is vital to guarantee this detection. Institutional abuse is also a broad term, but within its scope are included bullying, racial discrimination, disability discrimination and many ot hers. Risk assessment then has to draw together all of these potential risks and must consider factors that influence them. These factors include parenting capacity, child developmental needs, housing, the child’s family and the child’s environment. This essay now discusses each of these factors succinctly before describing the various methods used to assess them. Parenting capacity and the family environment are intimately connected as factors for assessment of possible risks to a child. A healthy relationship between his/her parents and a stable family environment is extremely important for the physical and emotional welfare of a child.   When this healthy environment deteriorates because of domestic violence, parental arguments, parental divorce, change of circumstances etc., the child is put at a higher risk of abuse. The influence of extended family (grandparents, aunts/uncles, cousins etc.,) is likewise very considerable and must be considered as a risk assessment factor. Child developmental needs refer to the needs of a child for access to education and social development, and for children with learning disabilities to get access to professional help and services. If this development is negatively affected in some way, then the risk to a child increases significantly. Poor quality housing is clearly a risk factor for the welfare of a child, particularly those with disabilities. Children with disabilities require special facilities and equipment, and all children require basic amenities and utilities depending upon the age and development of that child. Interior and exterior conditions, hygiene, sleeping environment, and local surroundings can all become risk factors if neglected or abused. This essay now examines the three dominant theories or methods of risk assessment in the past decade of child protection: the actuarial model and the theoretical-empirical approach. (1) Theoretical-Empirical (Consensus-Based) Models. Within the theoretical-empirical model risk is determined according to a decided group of empirically grounded risk factors, and by these the social worker produces a total assessment of risk founded upon witnessed combinations of risk factors (Boer, Webster, 1997). Scientific research has demonstrated that the theoretical-empirical model achieves average predictive success. (Epperson, 1998). The inherent difficulty of this method is that the care worker must equate identified risk factors into a recidivism likelihood. The model can therefore be argued to be undermined   by its lack of integration of risk factors (Wolfe McGee, 1994) so important in child protection. Risk assessment for the theoretical-empirical model is founded upon theories about parental abuse of children. The classic model of this type was the Ecological Model of Maltreatment (Brofenbrenner 1979, Belsky, 1993). The idea within this model is that numerous factors and the identification of risk factors determine the likelihood of abuse. The Ecological Model of Maltreatment considers risks related to children themselves, to caregivers, caregiver and child interaction, the family, and wider social and institutional factors. According to the theoretical-empirical model potential risk is determined in the investigation and influences case-choice at the beginning of the assessment process, during investigations, decisions about beginning cases, service strategy, child placement, and at the closure of cases.  Ã‚   (2)PureActuarial Models. These models supply definite principles for integrating risk factors (identified by retrospective empirically founded case reviews) into certain probability figures. The difference with such models is that they are not tethered to any particular theory of child abuse, or theory of parental abuse of children, but instead make use of all factors that are empirically joined to a risk assessment decision and put these in the assessment scales nonetheless. An advantage of such models is that they give specific weights of scale to individual risk factors and so can be transformed into scales that show the important associations between risk variables and the resolution of interest. Thus these associations imply that a particular variable is present, so too is the concomitant variable – though one should not necessarily infer that one variable produces the other. Such a distinction is vital when evaluating whether the aim of risk assessment should be short te rm or long term prediction and prevention, and intervention. Recent scientific investigation reveals that actuarial scales such as these are better at prediction of risk than clinical judgement usually is (Groove Meehl, 1996). Nonetheless, several authorities and risk assessment theoreticians have implied that this actuarial superiority is based upon inaccurate research (Serin, 1995). Sjosted and Grann (2002) have further questioned the methodology of actuarial models.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3)Clinically Adjusted Actuarial Models. The essential difference between pure actuarial models and clinically adjusted actuarial models is that the later use an actuarial method to ascertain risk factors as determined by a risk scale, but a medical or care practitioner can vary the actuarial level plus or minus depending upon the factor of his clinical judgement. Thus clinically adjusted models place are more individualistic since they permit the inclusion of possible individual risk factors that were unable to be documented empirically. There is much debate and argument about the strengths and weaknesses of these various methods. Within the actuarial school of thought there is a separate question as to which of the pure actuarial models or the clinically adjusted actuarial models is superior. It is probably true to say that actuarial models (of both types) are now thought to provide greater accuracy of prediction of child risk than theoretical-empirically based models. Clinically adjusted actuarial models are argued to give the best results, combining the advantages of an integrated risk assessment scale with the experience of a clinician and his ability to spot the individualistic risks in particular case that the model may not have noticed. The future of risk assessment perhaps lies then with a refinement of the clinically adjusted actuarial model. Important issues of methodology to be addressed include poor reliability, validity of measures, dilemmas of terminology, lack of base rate information, incorporation of individualistic risks and sensitivity of investigation.  Ã‚   In pre-risk assessment days a profound flaw of the child protection system was the failure of various independent agencies to pool together their skills and the knowledge they had acquired about the risk to a particular child; inter-agency communication was poor, and as a consequence many children were harmed, or even killed, who might otherwise have been saved. The advent of risk assessment in child protection improved the co-ordination of information between professional care services, and the recent introduction of child protection conferences have led to a far greater and more efficient sharing of information between agencies. Child protection conferences are convened after social services and the police have made initial inquiries about the health of a child and then seek to extend these enquires. A child protection conference brings together all professionals concerned with the welfare of a child, and thus has the enormous advantage of bringing all possible helpful information together at the same time. The purpose of such conferences is to determine the welfare of the child, to evaluate the risk of physical or emotional harm to the child, and to decide whether the child should be transferred onto the Child Protection Register. Conferences also consider whether legal proceedings ought to be brought on behalf of the child, and whether the police are required to investigate a crime against the child. If it is felt necessary to put a child on the Child Protection Register, then the conference must also produce a Child Protection Plan for the future welfare of the child. Such plans are essential because they explicitly stipulate what the responsibilities and duties are of each agency involved in the care of the child. The usefulness and thoroughness of these conferences is enhanced by the practice of a follow-up conferences after three months to determine progress, and then further conferences after six month intervals if necessary. Moreover, the inter-agency dialogue introduced by child conferences greatly improves the chances of these professionals spotting a specific risk to a child that might be missed by individual agencies. Child protection conferences are vital then to ensure and maximise the accuracy of individual risk assessments.   In short, child protection conferences have improved enormously the co-operation and inter-communication of the various agencies involved in the care of a particular child and so reduced considerably the risk posed to that child.   Ã‚   A further area that needs to be investigated by risk assessment is parental capacity to care for children. It is usually assumed that parents have a right to care for their children in all circumstances; an idea influenced by the normal reluctance of British society to tolerate intensive state intervention into private family life. It is believed that the state should remain at a distance, stepping in only in emergencies or cases of dire need. Professional care workers now argue however that this attitude of non-intervention often ignores the actual capacity of some parents to care for their children, particularly those with intensive needs. Thus this attitude can frequently threaten a child’s safety and security. Future risk assessment needs to develop a theoretical and practical model for possible state intervention in cases where parental ability to care for a child is suspect. The British government will be required to play a significant role here; updating existing legislation and creating new strong legislation to allow for intervention by care services in the most high risk cases of child abuse. This demand upon the government is an outcome of the philosophy of risk now prevalent in the United Kingdom, where it is assumed that the government has the ability to foresee and prevent abuse and maltreatment – and so the government is to be held to account when this does not happen. In the final analysis, it must be seen that risk assessment for child protection has had an   enormous success compared with the vacuum and capricious nature of prediction and prevention that existed before its introduction. Care workers and clinicians now have a theoretical, empirical and practical model by which to best determine the various risks that affect vulnerable children. The future progress and evolution of risk assessment seems to lie with an actuarial model – probably a clinically adjusted actuarial model. Such models at present appear to integrate risk factors most successfully and therefore to offer the best rates of prediction. This said, methodology needs to be thoroughly revised to evaluate and consider reliability of data, reliability of measures, integration of clinical opinion, individualistic risks etc., So too risk assessment needs to develop clear concepts and to push for government legislation to produce a model for state intervention into cases wher e parental ability to care for children is insufficient. Risk assessment theory must seek to modify the attitude of the British public that assumes parental right to care is absolute; showing that in certain circumstances this is not the case. BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Journals   Ã‚   Belsky, J. (1993). Etiology of Child Maltreatment: A DevelopmentalEcological Analysis. Psychological Bulletin. Vol 114, No 3, 413-434. Boer, D.P. Webster, C.D. (1997) Manual for the Sexual Violence Risk 20. Vancouver, B.C. The British Colombia Institute Against Family Violence. Brofenbrenner, U. (1979). The Ecology of Human Development. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press. Corby, B. (1990) Risk Assessment in Child Protection Work. International Conference of Risk Assessment in Child Protection. Epperson, D.L. (1998). Final Report on the Development of the Sex Offender Screening Tool: Presentation at the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers. 17th Annual Conference. Groove, W.M. Meehl, P.E. (1996). Comparative Efficiency of Informal and Formal Predictive Procedures: The Clinical-Statistical Controversy. Public Policy and Law, 2. 293-323.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kemshall, H. (2002). Risk, Social Policy and Welfare. Open University Press, Buckingham. Parsloe, P. (1999) (2001). Risk Assessment in Social Care and Social Work. Jessica Kingsley, London.    Serin, R.C. (1995). Violent Recidivism in Criminal Psychopaths. Law and Human Behaviour, 20, 207-217.    Sjostedt, G, Grann, M. (2002). Risk Assessment: What is Being Predicted by Actuarial Prediction Instruments. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health. Vol 1, No 2, 179-183. Websites National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty Against Children, (NSPCC).   www.nspcc.org.uk    National Centre on Child Abuse and Neglect  Ã‚   www.nccanch.acf.hhs.gov

Apush 1989 Dbq Essay

Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois offered different strategies for dealing with the problems of poverty and discrimination faced by Black Americans at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth centuries. Using the documents and your knowledge of the period 1877-1915, assess the appropriateness of each of these strategies in the historical context in which each was developed. In reference to the years between 1877 and 1915, I assessed that, based on between each of these strategies, Booker T. Washington’s approach was more appropriate during the time period between 1877 and 1915 than W.E.B. Du Boise’s strategy, for the simple fact that while his strategy would take longer to accomplish deal with the problems of poverty and discrimination in comparison to W.E.B. Du Boise’s strategy, it is far more likely that changes to a society would be accepted if they were introduced slowly into people’s minds by Booker T. Washington’s approach. In 1877 Reconstruction ended with the signing of the Compromise of 1877. In 1877, there was no presidential candidate that had received the appropriate number required to take the white house. Samuel Tilden had gotten only 184 of the 185 that he needed to beat Hayes. Therefore it was up to Congress to decide who would win the presidency. There were a total of 15 people voting. Seven of them were republicans; while the other eight were democrats. Obviously the Republican candidate, Rutherford Hayes, won the presidency. However, to avoid claims of unfair voting, President Hayes agreed to three compromises. He would pull troops out of the south; give money to the south for internal improvements, such as railroads, and to allow a well known southerner to be in his cabinet. This marked the end of reconstruction. Reconstruction was unsuccessful because according to (Doc J),† colored† people were still drinking from â€Å"colored† water fountains. This is a reason as to why the appropriateness of Booker T. Washington’s strategy for dealing with the problem discrimination faced by Black Americans, such as the discrimination applied to water fountains. Viewing â€Å"School Enrollment Graph† in (Doc A), it is apparent that W.E.B Du Boise’s strategy for reducing discrimination in schools would not have worked, if it were not for the fact that there simple were not enough people willing to teach black students. Although there were a few black teachers educating young black American’s, it was still not enough to turn the tides of discrimination until a later date. Many people in this time period are just not ready to accept the education of blacks in school. It goes against the values and traditions they were taught. An appropriate reference is that of the talented tenth. The talented tenth was a phrase used by W.E.B. Du Boise to express the possibility that only one out of ten in the black population would one day leaders of the black race. He believed that only through education that this one tenth would one day accomplish this. However, Booker T. Washington’s approach was much more silent and effective. In the Atlanta compromise, Booker T. Washington agrees with southern white leaders for black people to, not promote suffrage for their people, protest against discrimination, all while only getting just basic education, such as training to be a factory worker. The drastic increase in black Americans being enrolled in school in 1895 is due to the Atlanta compromise. This proves that Booker T. Washington’s approach, while cumbersome, was highly effective in comparison to black education opportunities beforehand. The rate does rise; showing that after 1915 there would be a much better chance of any percent of Black Americans getting into college. Referring to (Doc B), one can assess that while black illiteracy was still at large, it is decreasing at a steady rate. This is exactly the type of strategy Booker T. Washington promoted. This decrease in illiteracy over time would eventually allow more and more black students to attend college, without hitting the invisible threshold that white southerners had set primarily by white southerners to prevent black Americans from becoming equal to White Americans; even in education. Every time the illiteracy rate was lowered, it did not seem unreasonable to allow a little more leniency in their customs of discrimination. Over time Booker T. Washington’s strategy for reducing discrimination regarding education would be successful. Again, Booker T. Washington’s strategy for dealing with discrimination is proven to be more appropriate than W.E. B. Du Boise’s strategy because it is represented in (Doc C). (Doc C) shows the eventual decrease in the lynching of black peop le compared to white people. While the number of lynching of black people is significantly higher than the number of lynching for black people, both decrease over time. This shows that white people were willing to accept less lynching of black people, as black people became more integrated into the white society. This happened in several ways, such as in increase in black education. When black people because more educated, they were able to have a greater variety of jobs, even jobs that white people did. This increased the overall relationship between blacks and whites. White people would rather lynch a person they didn’t have a relationship with, than a fellow coworker, of student. A summarization of Booker T Washington’s strategy presented in The Atlanta Compromise Address or â€Å"Document D† would be to say that he wanted all black Americans to learn trades. He wanted them to pass on those skills, and use those skills so their families could have a better life. â€Å"Cast down your bucket where you are†¦while doing this you can be sure in the future, as in the past, that you and your families will be surrounded by the most patient, faithful, law-abiding, and un resentful people that the world has seen.† EEE A summarization of W.E.B Du Bois strategy can be described as ceaseless agitation stated in â€Å"The Niagara Movement†- â€Å"The Niagara Movement proposes to gain these ends†¦. If we expect to gain our rights by nerveless acquiescence in wrong, then we expect to do what no other nation ever did. What must we do then? We must complain. Yes, plain, blunt complain, ceaseless agitation, unfailing exposure of dishonesty and wrong- this is the ancient, unerring way to liberty, and we must follow it.†-Document F I disagree with his strategy for the period 1877-1915 for he only thought about a small number of the black race, the top ten percent. He was going to send them to Harvard and some how they were going to become the intelligence for the black race as a whole. This also appoints only specific figures as a mini government of the black race. Mainly in Booker T Washington’s proposal, it just seems as if he included the whole race as opposed to W.E.B’s p roposal pertaining to only a small select few. Washington used controversial methods that did not directly challenge white supremacy in order to deal with the problems of poverty and discrimination faced by black people. He was a teacher at Tuskegee Institute in the 1880s, which was an industrial school at the time. He emphasized practical skills and stressed that a vocational education would help blacks acquire economic independence which in turn would lead to the white race recognizing their political rights. However, document H indicates that his ideas received much scrutiny. People accused his emphasis on vocational training as an idea which stifled the progress of the black race because it â€Å"condemned† the education received by college educated blacks. Also, many believed that vocational education served as a barrier which kept blacks from achieving higher levels of education. Furthermore, many thought that Washington’s methods did nothing to help black racial progress and thought accommodation created a larger polarization between blacks and whites.

Chapter 9

Chapter 9 closing case Ashford University BUS 650 Managerial Finance When should Bunyan Lumber, harvest the forest? The cash flow will grow at the inflation rate of 3. 7%. Utilizing the real cash flow formula (1+R) =v (1+R)(1+H) 1. 10 = (1+R)(1. 037) R= 6. 08% The conservation funds are anticipated to grow slower than the inflation rate. The return for the conservation fund will be, (1+R) = (1+R) (1+H) 1. 10 = (1+R) (1. 032) R= 6. 5% The cash flow from the thinning process is as follow, Cash flow from thinning = Acres thinned x cash flow per acre Cash flow from thinning = 7,500 ($1,200) Cash flow from thinning = $9,000,000 Thinning beyond the initial thinning is conducted on a schedule and can be included. After tax cost of the conservation fund will be, After tax conservation fund cost = (1†C. 35) ($250,000) After tax conservation fund cost = $162,500 For each analysis the cost and revenue are; Revenue [ E (% of grade )(harvest per acre)(value of board game)](acres harvested) (1†C defect rate) Tractor cost = (Cost MBF)(MBF per acre)(acres) Road cost = (Cost MBF)(MBF per acre)(acres) Sale preparation and administration = (Cost MBF) (MBF acre) (acres) It is assumed that there is no depreciation as a result of the harvest. This is an indicator that operating cash flow is equal to net income. The NPV of the thinning, the NPV of all future harvests, minus the present value of  the conservation fund costs. Revenue $39,800,250 Tractor cost 7,200,000 Road 2,700,000 Sale preparation & admin 945,000 Excavator piling 1,200,000 Broadcast burning 2,287,500 Site preparation 1162,500 Planting costs 1,800,000 EBIT $22,505,250 Taxes 7,876,838 Net income (OCF) $ 4,628,413 First harvest after 20 years PV First = $14,628,413/ (1+ . 0608)20 PV First = $4,496,956 Projection of thinning after 40 years 40-year project interest rate = [(1+ . 0608)40] ? C1 0-year project interest rate = 958. 17% 40-year conservation interest rate = [(1+ . 0659)40] ? C1 40-year conservation interest rate =1,183. 87% Present value of future thinning on this schedule, which will be; PV Harvest = [($ 14,628,413/9. 5817)] / (1+ . 0608)20 PV Harvest = $469,325. 52 Present value of conservation funds deposit PV Conservation = ? C$162,500 ? C$162, 500/11. 8387 PV Conservation = ? C$176. 226. 22 Current value of conservation PV Conservation = ? C$176,226. 22/ (1+ . 0659)20 PV Conservation = ? C$49,182. 52 NPV of a 40-year harvest schedule is: NPV = $4,496,956 + 939,286. 45 + 469,325. 52 ? C9,182. 52 NPV = $5,856,385. 9 45-year harvest schedule: Revenue $55,462,853 Tractor cost $9,840,000 Road $3,690,000 Sale preparation & admin $1,291,500 Excavator piling $1,200,000 Broadcast burning $2,287,500 Site preparation $1,162,500 Planting costs $1,800,000 EBIT $34,191,353 Taxes $11,966,973 Net income (OCF) $22,224,379 The PV of the first harvest in 25 years is: PV first = $22,224,379/ (1+ . 0608) 25PVFirst = $5, 087, 23 45 year interest rate 45-year project interest rate = [(1+ . 0608)45] ? C1 45-year project interest rate =1,321. 11% 45 year interest rate for the conservation fund 45-year conservation interest rate = [(1+ . 0659)45] ? C1 5-year conservation interest rate = 1,666. 38% PV of future thinning PV Thinning = $9,000,000/13. 111 PV Thinning = $681,246. 84 Utilizing the OCF of $22,024,504, the PV are as follow, PV Harvest = [($22,224,379/13. 21111)] / (1+ . 0608)25 PV Harvest = $385,073. 30 The present value of these deposits is: PV Conservation = ? C$162,500 ? C $162,500/16. 6638 PV Conservation = ? C$174,800. 29 NPV of a 45-year harvest schedule is: NPV = $5,087,231+ 681. 246. 84 + 385,073. 30 ? C 35, 458, 26 NPV = $6, 1118,092. 40 50-year harvest schedule: Revenue $64,610,783 Tractor cost $11,280,000 Road $4,230,000 Sale preparation & admin $1,480,500 Excavator piling $1,200,000 Broadcast burning $2,287,500 Site preparation $1,162,500 Planting costs $1,800,000 EBIT $41,170,283 Taxes $14,409,599 Net income (OCF) $26,760,684 The PV of the first harvest in 30 years is: PV First = $26,760,684/ (1+ . 0608)30 First = $4,561,202 The effective 50-year interest rate for the project is: 50-year project interest rate = [(1+ . 0608)50] ? C1 50 year project interest rate=1,808. 52% 50 year interest rate for the conservation funds 50-year conservation interest rate = [(1+ . 0659)50] ? C1 50-year conservation interest rate = 2,330. 24% Present value of future thinning on this schedule, which will be PV Thinning = $9,000,000/18. 0852 PV Thinning = $497,644. 82 The operating cash flow from each harvest on the 50-year schedule is $26,531,559, so the present value of the cash flows from the harvest are: PV Harvest = [($26,760,684/18. 0852] / (1+ . 0608)30 PV Harvest = $497,644. 82 Present value of the conservation fund deposits PV Conservation = ? C$162,500 ? C $162,500/23. 3024 PVConservation? C$171,485. 25 Today’s conservation value PV Conservation = ? C$171,485. 25/ (1+ . 0659)30 PV Conservation = ? C$25,283. 50 NPV of a 50-year harvest schedule is: NPV = $4,561,202 + 497,644. 82 + 252,206. 52 ? C 25,283. 0 NPV = $5,285,770. 21 55-year harvest schedule: Revenue $72,972,113 Tractor cost $12,600,000 Road $4,725,000 Sale preparation & admin $1,653,750 Excavator piling $1,200,000 Broadcast burning $2,287,500 Site preparation $1,162,500 Planting costs$1,800,000 EBIT $47,543,363 Taxes $16,640,177 Net income (OCF) $30,903,186 First harvest in 35 years PV First =$30,903,186/ (1+ . 0608)35 PV First = $3,922,074 Thinning 55 years from today: 55-year project interest rate = [(1+ . 0608)55] ? C1 55-year project interest rate = 2,463. 10 55 year conservation fund 55-year conservation interest rate = [(1+ . 0659)55] ? C1 5-year conservation interest rate = 3,243. 60% Present value of future thinning: PV Thinning = $9,000,000/24. 6310 PV Thinning = $365,392. 74 Present values of the cash flows from the harvest are: PV Harvest = [($30,903,186/24. 6310] / (1+ . 0608)35 PV Harvest = $159,233. 03 Present value of the conservation fund deposits: PV Conservation = ? C$162,500 ? C $162,500/32. 4360 PV Conservation = ? C$169,097. 37 Today’s value of the conservation fund PV Conservation = ? C$169,097. 37/(1+ . 0659)35 PV Conservation = ? C$18,121. 00 NPV of a 55-year harvest schedule NPV = $3,922,074 + 365,392. 74 +159,233. 03 ? C18, 121. 00 NPV = $4,428,578. 40

Severe Medical Disability - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 870 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/15 Category Health Essay Level High school Tags: Childhood Obesity Essay Obesity Essay Did you like this example? Abstract Childhood obesity is a severe medical disability that can have an adverse effect on a childs life. Children who are considered obese are above the weight requirements for their height and age by carrying extra pounds of weight. Middle childhood is defined as the ages 6-12. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Severe Medical Disability" essay for you Create order (Rathus, 2017, p. 173). This age group is very critical for kids to grow and get proper nutrition and engage in their regular physical activities. Childhood obesity has many adverse effects that can lead into adulthood if not prevented early on. Its important for children who have this harrowing disability to understand the causes to avoid further consequences. Even though family obesity may increase a childs chance of becoming obese, lack of physical activity from their family environment can have a significant effect on a childs diet and activity levels by watching too much television and engaging in unhealthy eating patterns. Family environment and family obesity can play a significant role in childhood obesity and have many effects on the child. If a child comes from an obese family the more likely the child will become obese. Things like genetics may contribute to a small role in obesity, but the majority of it starts in the home. Parents play a significant role when it comes to their kids eating habits. When parents create poor eating habits for their children, this will affect a childs physical activity and create poor eating habits for the child. Although parents cant monitor their childs every move they can practice healthy eating habits, cut down television times, and promote more physical activity. Ultimately healthy eating habits start with the family environment, and its the first step for prevention of childhood obesity. When family dynamics fail to promote nutritional options and physical activity, this can lead to serious health risks for the child as well as the family. Most kids love to watch television or a specific cartoon show, but physical activity is vital in early child development by laying a foundation for a healthy and active lifestyle for the child. Activity levels in children differ than adults. Adults tend to go to the gym whereas childrens activity involves playing, moving around, and exploring their surroundings. Children who engage in regular physical activity are less likely to become obese versus kids who do little to no physical activity. Some of many benefits of participating in daily physical activity are helping a child to maintain a healthy weight, assisting with their motor skills, improving concentration and thinking skills, and can help with a childs sleeping patterns by giving them a better nights rest. Children tend to be more active outside than indoors so its important to get them out and away from the television screen regularly to help promote their physical activity. By engaging children in physical activity early on in life children are more likely to carry their activity levels into adulthood and live a healthier more active lifestyle. Unhealthy eating habits are one of the reasons why many children become obese. Many adverse conditions such as cardiovascular, orthopedic, metabolic, hepatic, neurological, renal, and pulmonary disorders are also seen in association with childhood obesity (Swetha, Gayathri, Priya, 2018). Engaging in healthy eating patterns is essential for children to grow and develop properly as well as lead a healthier and more active lifestyle. Children who dont practice these are more prone to become obese. Some of the reasons kids become obese come from poor eating habits such as eating too much fast foods, fatty foods on a regular basis and eating excessively large portions. Also, sugary drinks like soda and juices can put more weight on the child. These sweet drinks dont fill kids up the way food does and just put on unnecessary fat. Poor food choices will lead kids to cravings, poor health, and ultimately lead to obesity if not prevented early on. Practicing better eating habits like eating a healthy breakfast such as oatmeal will help fuel their bodies and prevent them from overeating in the day and perform better academically. While childhood obesity is a severe problem that can affect a childs life, it can be prevented early on, and its our responsibility. Caregivers have a major influence on childrens health behaviors and weight status. (Hopkins et al., 2018). Its important that caregivers or parents act early on. Educating your child early on about food choices and the importance of physical activity can prevent a child from becoming obese. Its essential parents get actively involved with their kids regularly by setting an example for your child. Parents or caregivers can set examples by ensuring theyre children are eating breakfast and getting the proper nutrition their bodies need to grow. Setting examples will help them do better in school, their daily functionality, as well as sleeping patterns. Parents can also help their kids by getting them away from the television screen and limiting the time they spend watching tv by engaging their child in more physical activity whether its the park, playground, or enrolling them in a specified sport they enjoy. Parents who educate their kids early on about nutrition choices and engage their kids in more physical activity are less likely to have a child who suffers from obesity.